( 2009), which estimates the SULR directly from top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances. The GLASS SULR was calculated using the hybrid method (Cheng & Liang, 2016) (we named it as single-angle hybrid method in this paper) that was developed based on Wang et al. The SULR dataset of the long-term Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS, available at the National Earth System Science Data Center of China ( )) (Cheng & Liang, 2016 Cheng, Liang, Wang, & Guo, 2017 Liang et al., 2020 Yang & Cheng, 2020), with a temporal extent from 2000 to 2018, was generated with 1 km-resolution polar-orbit Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data.
In the past two decades, satellite sensors with narrow bands but higher spatial resolutions (1 km compared with the 20 km spatial resolution of CERES) have been used to estimate instantaneous SULR (Bisht, Venturini, Islam, & Jiang, 2005 Jiao et al., 2015 Liang et al., 2019 Wang, Liang, & Augustine, 2009).
#RADIATION ISLAND STRING SERIES#
Broadband satellite sensors such as the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) series onboard the Terra/Aqua/S-NPP/JPSS-1 satellites were launched to monitor the variation of surface longwave radiation (Liang et al., 2019). Big Earth data derived from satellite remote sensing have been an important tool in the study of earth science (Guo, 2017 Guo, Wang, & Liang, 2016 Wei et al., 2021b). Remote sensing is the only way to monitor the surface thermal state on regional or global scales (Li et al., 2013b, 2021 Wan & Dozier, 1996 Wei et al., 2019, 2021a). The SULR is an indicator of the surface thermal state and the dominant SRB component at night and at high latitudes (for example, polar regions) (Cheng & Liang, 2016) and a diagnostic parameter for ecological, hydrological, and biogeochemical process studies (Liang et al., 2010 Yang et al., 2013). The surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) is one of the four components of the surface radiation budget (SRB) calculation, which is defined as the total surface upward radiative flux, namely the sum of surface-emitted thermal radiation and the first-order reflected component of surface downward longwave radiation (SDLR) in the spectral domain of 4-100 μm (Jiao, Yan, Zhao, Wang, & Chen, 2015 Liang, Wang, He, & Yu, 2019 Liang, Wang, Zhang, & Wild, 2010). Compared with the SULR dataset of the Global LAnd Surface Satellite (GLASS) longwave radiation product that is generated from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the polar-orbiting Terra and Aqua satellites, the ABI/GOES-16 SULR dataset has commensurate accuracy (an RMSE of 15.9 W/m 2 vs 19.02 W/m 2 and an MBE of −4.4 W/m 2 vs −2.57 W/m 2), coarser spatial resolution (2 km at nadir vs 1 km resolution), less spatial coverage (most of the Americas vs global), fewer weather conditions (clear-sky vs all-weather conditions) and a greatly improved temporal resolution (48 vs 4 observations a day). The dataset was validated against surface measurements collected at 65 Ameriflux radiation network sites. In this study, based on the hybrid SULR estimation method and an upper hemisphere correction method for the SULR dataset, we developed a regional clear-sky land SULR dataset for GOES-16 with a half-hourly resolution for the period from 1 st January 2018 to 30 th June 2020. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-16) has greatly improved temporal and spectral resolution compared to the imager sensor of the previous GOES series and is a good data source for the generation of high spatiotemporal resolution SULR.
Big Earth data derived from satellite remote sensing have been an important tool for studying earth science. The SULR is an indicator of surface thermal conditions and greatly impacts weather, climate, and phenology. Surface upward longwave radiation (SULR) is one of the four components of the surface radiation budget, which is defined as the total surface upward radiative flux in the spectral domain of 4-100 μm.
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